APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R0001 001 0001 0-8 ROLICY. RESEARCN ANb DEVELORMENT S dC~QgER i979 CFOUO 12l79) i OF 3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 , FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - ~ JPRS L/8701 ~ 5 October 1979 Worldwi - de Re ort p TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVEIOPMENT CFOUO 12/79) _ - ~ ~ ~ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION S~RVICE FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY _ _ , , ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 NOTE JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from �oreign-language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characteristics retained. ~ Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text] or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the last line of a brief, ind.icate how the original information was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- tion caark and enclosed in parentheszs were not clear in the original but have been supplied as appropriate in context. ' Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an item originate with the source. Times within items are as - given by source. The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government. ' For further information on report content call (703) 351-2811. . COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICATIOi~ BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ J~RS L/8701 5 October 1979 . - WORLDWIDE REPORT _ T~LECOMMUNICATIONS POLIGY, RESEARCH ANA DEVELOFM~NT ~ cFOU~ 1a/~9) ; . CON7ENTS PAGE ' ; WORLI~IIDE AFFAIRS Shutdown Threat to 23 BBC Fareign Language Broadcasts . (RQbert Taylor; THE UBSERVER, 26 Aug 79).........u...,... 1 ` Cub~'s Soviet-Financed Communications System To Be Installed (Isaliel Montero; PRELA, 10 Aug 79) 3 ~ Briefs - - 'pRELA'_rAP' Contract 5 ASIA JAPAN ~ Briefs Computer Maintenance Software 6 Program Logic Design 6 , NEC Mass Storage System 6 Hitachi Technology Tie-up 6 ' USSR Electrotr,agnetic Compatibil~,ty of Television Broadcasting Services Discussed (V. A. Borovkov, M, G. Lokshin; ELEKTROSVYA'L', Jul 79) 7 The ATK-20U Automatic Telegraph Crossbar Station (ELEKTROSVYAZ', Jul 79) 16 ~ - a - [III - tn]W - 140 FOUOJ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ . : ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 , ~ " r'utt ur'r'i~l~~ u~~; uNLY ~ . ~ CONTENTS (Continued) . ~ Page The NUP V-2-2 Unattetided Repeater Station ~ (ELEKTROSVYAZ', Jul 79) 18 WEST EUROPE FRANCE � Regis Debray Authors New Book on Political Use ~f Mediz ~ (Various sources, various dates) 20 Societal Role of Media, by Michel Jouet ' Mediology, Technology, Ideology, by Pierre de - ~ Boisdeffre , ~ , ~~r ; . s . - b - � FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ . A . . . . ~ . ' ' - ~ . .~.~~~.f APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY WORT,DWIDE AFFAIRS � ~ SHUTDOWN THREAT TO 23 BBC FOREIGN LANGUAGE BROADCASTS ~ ;J London THE OBSERVER in Ei;;~;lish 26 Aug 79 p 1 LD [Article by Robert Taylor: "23 BBC Foreign Services at Risk"] _ �[Teact] Every BBC foreign language broadcasting service, axcept thoae transmitted to the communist and Arab worlds, faces shutdown in order to make a 4 nillion pounds a year saving in government spending. Talks between the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Mr Gerard Mansell, managing director of the BBC World Service and deputy director-general, are antering a decisive phase. Civil aervants have made it clear to the BBC that as many as 23 out of the 38 language services broadcast from Bush House, in London, are at risk. ArEas of the world that would cease to be covered by foreign langua6e broadcasting _ are Latin America (despite Britain's vital economic interests in that region), ~�~estern ~ and s~uthern Europe, Africa, south-east Asia, the Far East and the Indian subcontinent. The BBC would stop broadcasting in Spanish, French, Hindi, Swahili, Japanese and marry other languages. The government has decided to reprieve the English language service broadcasts of the BB~ World Service for the momeni:. In a personal letter to the BBC direc;tor-general, Sir Michael Swann, Mrs Thatcher assured him that the World Service~was ~one of the.things that ' Brihain doas best.~ . ! The prime minister assured Sir Michael that the World Service had a secure and prosperouc future, but like every other 5ody dependent on government revenue it must make sacrifices. The decisinn to keep the English language services means that none of the BBC~s relay stations around the world will be shut down, but a number which have recently been expensively refurbished, like Singapore, the Ascenison Isl~nds and Antigua, will have to operate at well below capacity. ~ ~ - The Foreign and Commonwealth Office insists there must be a 10 per cent cut in the Bush House services in the financial year to March 1981, which me~:ns a reduct3on of between 17 and 25 percent in output. It is not clear whether the BBC World Service, which is entirely fttndea by the government and, unlike the domestic network, receives no revenue from the licence fee, must face even ~iarsher cutbacks by 1983. . 1 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY Earlier this summer Mr Manse:ll was infoxmed by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office that he could have Lo considor a;?0 per cent cutback over three years. That threat appears to hav~ been withdrawn. Last. 'Ptiursday Atr Mansell told BBC staff at Bush House that the IAorld Servico facod tha most serious crisis in its history. BBC officials are shocked at both the,haste and crudity of th3 government plan for spending cuts in the foreign language services, whi~h are reriowned ac,ross the world for their impartiality. There is particular concern that the main thrust of the foreign language broadcasting _ output will be to the communist world. In the view of Mr Mansell, that will make it easier fox communist governmants to accuse the BBC of inerely transmitting propaganda and nob unbiased information. One example of what is considered the lack of understanding displayed by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office is their failure to decide whether the BBC should g~ on broad- - casting in German. Civil servants thought that sector was covered by Western European services and should be cut, until the HBC pointed out the existence of communist Eastern Germar~y. A serious threat is also facing the British Councii, which is being asked to cut its budget in the next financial year by about 17 per cent. Most oi' the counoil~s annual revenue of 100 million comes from the Forsign and Commonwealth Offic~. Cutbac{cs of that magnitude would have a disastrous effect or, the council~s ser- vices as an English teaching agency and cultural institution in less developed areas of the world. CSO: 5500 - 4 ; 2; FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - ; . : . APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY WOItLDWIDE AFFAIRS CUBA'S SOVIET-FINANCED COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM TO BE INSTALLED ?iavana PRELA in Spanish Z227 GMT 10 Aug 79 PA ~ [Article by Isabel Montero] . _ [TextJ The installation of a transmission system by means of a coaxial cable, a pro- ,ject totally financed by the Soviet Union, will place Cuba alongside the most developed countries in the f ield of long distance communications. The f irst installation stage of the line, with over 1,800 lan of central cable and branches to 14 provincial capitals and other important cities in the country,,will be ooncluded dur9.ng the first quarter of 1981. It will be the greatest investment ever made i.n Glzba in communications matt~rs. The s ection scheduled for 1978 was 124 percent completed, with the laying of 48.5 lon of ' cable out of the scheduled j8.8 lan. Cuba~s development during the 20 ~ears of its revolutionary process has creabed an in~ creasEd demand for long-distance services and the existing system is insufficient to meet the ex.tensive wemands of telephone traffic. ~ In view of this, the Soviet and Cuban governments, in December 1972 and April 1976, signed economic cooperation agreements for the laying of the communications line by means of a , coaxial cable, whose main system comprd~ses two pairs of lines with 10 symmetric conductors. The coaxial cable is comprised of two conductors: :a solid, smal7.-diameter conductor placed within a hollow one which wraps around ~he first one concentrically. Some lines connected to the main ~ystem use symmetric high frequency cables which (?consist) of various pairs of cables gathered internally, isolated from each other and covered with aluminum and lead. Just like the coaxial cable, the entire assembly is properly protected from external influences.. Both r,ables will have a contirnzous gas pressure system i.r"i order to increase its dependa- bilit,~, insur~ control, seal the wrappi.ng and prevent the penetratian of humidity during a break. The cable, whose installation began on 3 May 1978, will comprise the cauntry~s main f;ransmission system. . During its first phase of operations, it will have a 920 telephone line capacity and wi11 be able to carry a television signal by means of an integral linkage with the new microwave system. They will act as mutual reserves in case of breaks. 3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY The coaxial cable si:ructure prevents considerable loss of the frequc~ncy spectrum and allows a high degree of protection against interference. With the use of c:onventional methods this nwnber of telephone channels would require 1.920 copper thread,. 'Phc; completion and i,-nplementation of this pro~ect called "Cubanacan" will establisti tlin conditions needed for an automatic telephone teleselection system between 311 tha country~s important citiec and municipalities. It will also increase the nurnber of telephone lines between towns. This ~ro,~ect, which dozens of Soviet specialists have worked on si:ir:e 1974, includes the installation of 2,179 14n of cables through a route consisting of all types of soils. Besides the use of the cable for telephone and telegraph communications and long-distance transmission of data, the coaxial cable will also be used as a reserve for a television channel of the new national microwave system recently installed in Cuba. Facsimile transmission of the press, which will avoid using air tra~isportat;ion to var~ious regions, ~S also another of the plannpd ob,~ectives. The installation of the coaxial cablE~involves the building of repeating stations every 5.7 km in specially designed underground stations which will not requirr. personnel and are pro- vided with a special alarm system control for the detection and correction of possible errors. _ b'ourteen semiterrninal stations, of approximately 1,500 sq meters each, will also be built. They will be installed in a central building [words indistinct) telephone center and outside multiplex equipment will be ,joined to the ceaxial cable [words ' ~ indi:stinet] to th3s center will be added [word indistinct] telefeeding and tele- mechanics; equipment for the automatic repeating stations. The [word indistinct] installa'~ion of coaxial transmission cable will establish the basi: for the future J national' telex network. ~ ~l ~,J~ : SS~~ , , : \ . 4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 _ � . FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS , I ~ BRIEFS ~ ' 'PRELA'-'AP' CONTRACT--Havana, 13 rlug (PL)--PRELA and the Associated Press have signed a ~ontract for the exchange of their respective news 'services. The distribution in Cuba of U.S. press agency material and of ~ PRELA in the United States had been interrupted sjnce 1969. [Havana PRELA in Spanish 1815 GMT 13 Aug fi9 PA] CSO: 5500 r ' ~ , , ti:~ , \ S ~ _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . < _ . , . . l ~ ~ . . ~.u. � . _ , _ . . , . ~ . i APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 ~ ~FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JAPAN s BRIEFS COMPUTER MAINTENANCE SOFTWARE--Nishi*nusashi Information Center, working under contract~with the Information Processing Association, has developed and started sales of a computer maintenance assistance progra;n (MAID) that has enabled.the center to cut maintenance time by 80 percent and that can also reduce the time required for new prdgram development`operations by 43 percent. [Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBU~f in Japanese 3 Sep 79 p 12] ' PROGRAM LOGIC DESIGN--Hit"achi Central Research Laboratory has developed a PAD (problem analysis diagram) format for depicting logic design that ~ cuts the work involved in programing by several tens of percent to a small fraction of that required when using the flow cha.rt method. Pro- gramming direcrly from the diagram using COBAL, Fortran, PL/1, Pascal, Assembler, and other languages is a major feature, and advantages to the method include simplicity, easy"avoidance of errors, and easier checking and debugging. jdriting IBM's~HIPO processing portion in P~D is said to clarify data flow and processing, enable clear determination of test standards, and clearly show what test cases must be run. [Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 21 Aug 79 p 5] ~ NEC MASS STORAGE SYSTEM--Nippon Electric has developed a mass st'orage system for the ACOS series camputers, employing a virtual file format with mass data file and disk subsystem independently connected to the host. The characteristic feature of the system is use of existing arbitrary disk equipment as a staging disk subsystem. Because staging from the mass ~ data file to the disk subsystem is via the host, a 0 to;3 percent (no more than 10 percent at worst) load is imposed on the host, but MSS character- ~ istics surpass that of the IBM IVTOC/2 cartridge because laliel information is provided to each data cartridge. [Tokyo NIKKEI ELECTRONICS in Japanese 6 Aug 79 p 77] ~ . ' HITACHI TECHNOLOGY TIE-UP--Hitachi Ltd has recently conclsded a compre- hensive technology tie-up contract on office computers witYi Tongyang , - Nylon of South Korea. Hitachi will provide the necessary technical information and some components to support South Korea's domestic computer production plan, allowing South Koxea to take the first step toward domestic computer production. According to the contract, Hitachi will provide technical guidance and receive 3 percent of sales as a technology use fee. [Tokyo NIKKEI ELECTROIVICS in Japanese 6 Aug 79 p 201] 6~ . . CSO: 5500 � FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ . ~ ~ , _ , . ~ . . ,:r:; . . . , , . . , s#i,~~,r3~x,, r�,.:>�.n_ .i s....; . , , . . . APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY USS R ;l EGECTROMAGNETIC CON~.ATIB3LITY OF TELEVISION BROADC9STING SERVICES DISCIISSED Moscaw EI,II~1'ROS''VYAZ' in Russian No 7, Jul 79 pp 1-4 ~~rt.icle by Y. A. Borovkotr and M~ G. Lokshin: "Questions About the Electro- magrietic Cumpatibility of Television Broadcasting Sex~vices"~ ~ext~ The International Administrative radio conference, which was held in 1971 in Geneva, for the first ti.me granted permission to FM television bro~dcasting services to use a portion of the band~ which had previously~ ~ on a priority basis been alloaated to the OBP AM television broadcasting ~ services in a11 three regiona: region 1 includes E~zrope, the USSR, Mongo- lia and Africa; region 2 includes.North and South America and Greenland; region 3 includes Asia.(ezcluding the uSSR and Mon$olia , Australia and Oceania, This ~ame conference commissioned the ~ International Coneult- ing Committee on Radio Co~unicatic>ns~ to immediately stud,y the criteria b;y which it is neceasary to be g+overned when these services are jointly uEiing frequencies; the I+II{~t also , compiled a Recommendation in regaxd ~o. the permissible value of the par?er-fluz density that is crea~ed by the I~1~I sigrial. in the zone served by the OBP~M televiaion broadcasting station. Amon~�the basic'initial data for solving this problem were the ~uppresaion ratios, which in thia instance had beeM previously defined by t~e�communica- tiong adminietrationa of the USSR~ IISA~ England, France and oth~erP;; the basi.c results of this research are showu in (1). However, in view of t2~e fact that the conditions for performing this research differed substantially, the ~~s attempts ta oompaxe the obtained results were unsuccessful. ~ Taking this into consideration, the ~ recognized the expediency of stipu- lating unified conditions for conducting auch measurementa (aee the draft of the New Report of,the working group 10~11V document 11~480, 1q77) and appealed to all involved communicatioris admi.nistrations to continue re- search in this direction. This article ou~lines the resultr~ of res~�axch in detarmining the suppressioa ratios for a OBP-9M televiaion sign~, which were performed in accordance with the most recent ~recommendations of the MKKR. 7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' ~ . ~ ~ ' _ , _ . , :r _ ; , � ~ . . . . _ _ , I . . . _ , . APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY The test etan3. A atructural diagram of the teat atand ir~ prese~nted .in Figure 1. , ' ~ ) I~~ I 7 ~ ~ ru anc ' . ~ s . ~ z 1 _ . 9 ~ 5 Budeo 3 Fi.g. 1 r(ey: 1- Television center; ~2 -.Radio-television broa.dcasting st~tion; " 3 - video ~ ~ 1'he color television.signals of the SECAM, PAI, and NTSC systems are formed in the televi'sion center and radiated in a standaxd. TP channel of tr.e radio- television broadcasting atation. The useftiil OBP-AM si~al that is used for the TV antenna for collective use is fed into the`forniing device 1. The FM osa.llator serves as the source of interference, the fluc~uations of which are modulated by the ~ideosi~al and the accompanyi:ng sound signal (on a subcarrier frequency of 6.5 MHz~. The central freqaency ~f the oscil- latar can be retuned within � 10 MHz of, th~ med.ium frequency, which coin- cides with the frequency ~~f the caxrier~ of the imag+e of the use~l AM si$- na1. In the channel where the interfer~ng IM signal is f:::~;med _i.t is p sai- ble to regulate the amount of frequencp deviation within the range of ~ 15 MHz. An additiona.l serratec? signal. can also be fed int~ the input of the ~'I oscillato'r fr~m device 4 by means of pulse repetition f~equency of 50 Hz (a signal .for dispersing the power of interference~; the greatest change ~.n the frequency.of the carrier under its influencP can reach � 4 M~z. � A standard predistorted circuit 5 wa.s also included in the chaanel where the FM i.nterference is formed for the line~r processing of the TP signal. From the output of the forming device the usef~,il. si~.l and the i.nterfer- ence enter the distributing device 6, and f-rom this i.nto the standard color TV receivexs 7 of the SECAM, PAI, and NTSC systems ~and then inta the measur- ing devices - the signal level measuririg device 8 and the spectrum analyzer 9 for the constant monitoring ~f the levels of the useful ~ignal and inter- ference and the shapes of their apectra. The requzred signal to noise rar tioe of the levels in the process of ineasuring are established by the use of a calibrated atter~uator. Conditions and sequence of ineasurements. The measurements are performed by means of subjective statistical e~_n~tions of the qua.lity of the image i 8 . - � FOR 0~'FICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFF~CIAL USE ONLY ~ in ~~ccordance with Recommendation 500 of the NII{I~. Obaervers a:.~e presented in rar~dom order with images having various levels of interferen~;e, w~iich - they evalu~ate o~ a scale of 1 to 5 devieed by the 1'~{KR,: 5- unnot3coa~le interf~rencQ (excellent); 4- noticeable interference which does not hin- der (good~; 3-~inter~erence hinders sli~tly (satisfactory~; 2- inter- ferE;nce hinders (poor~; anci 1- intereuce hindere conaiderably (very poor). Spec:ialists and unskilled obser~rers, a total of 40 paople, were used for the measur~ments. As a ru].e, individual observers paxticipated in eaah se- - rien of ineaeuremants more than once~ therefore the total number of evalua~- tioris in each test was approximately 100. Before the measurements began the oh-aervere were given instructions, in the _ process of which ~he purpose aaid sequeace for cos~ducting the meaeurements were outlined, the criteria for aubmittirig,evaluations, an undistorted reference image deserving of an excellent evaluation was presented aad the - nature of the effect of the interference being examined was demonstrated. Prior to each series of ineasurements the values of the suppression ra.tios, - by which the i.mage quality corresponded to the greatest noticeability of interference and its total abseneq were defined accordi.ng to the results of an examina,tion of a sma11 group of specialista (3-4 Persans~N In the obtaa.ned range at equal interv~al.a seven val.ues of signal ~to noi~e ratios were established~ inclucling extreme values~ whicn were thAn est~,bliahed in ~ the process of the examina,tions; these values were amended according to the results of the first series of each of the tests. The measurements were made under the following conditions: color slides sucn as "the girl in the green dress" and "basket with fruit", as recommend- ed in document 11~480 of the MK~Fi, were used as usef~.l test i~ma{~s; an imag~e of colored stripes was used as the modulati.ng signa.l. when forming FM interfer.ence; the pa,rameters of the usefl~l signal corresponded with the system~ and stand.asds of K/SECAM~ M/NTSC and G~PAL; ~the deviation Dv of the frequer.cy of the FM interference (from peak to peak~ was set at 8~ 16 and 22 MHz; the polarity of modulation was such th~.t the lesser va- lues of the frequency of the F3~I interferen~e corresponded to the tranamis- sion of the raaks of the synchropulses; the carrier frequencies of the usefli). and h~ndering signals were close to each other, which provided for the maximum noticeability of the interference; the ra,tio of the range of the videosigc~al to the unsuspended intensity of noise at receiver output was no leas than 40 dB. Results of the measurements, The characteristic curves o:f imag~ qual ity upon the leve7. of the hindering FM signal i.n connection w:ith its various parameters, which were obtained for the individual systems~ were so close ~ tha,t they could be generalized and presented in a single rurve. S~ich a result was anticipated, since with the interference in thc~ combined channel (withnut cambi.ning the carrier frequencies) the interference ba, ical]y af- l~,_ fected the brightness signa.l, rather than the color signal, i.e., alI sys- tems were approximately in the same cond.itions, 9 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY I APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Figure 2 shows the genexali~aed curves which reflect the relationship of the quality of tYie TV ima,g~e upor~ the level of interference far threa values of deviation in the f`requency of the hindering FM signal. Z'he obtained data on the whole conform sufficiently to the results of the m.ajorit;y of ~imilar reaearch, as can be seen in the table. Only the dis'crepancy between the results of this research and work (2) for the threshold of noticeability (an evalua.tion of approximately 4, 5 on the MIQ{R ~ s acale of one throu~fi fivc) and (3,1 for the accep�~able level of i.nterference (an evalua,tion of ~ 3�5) is noteworthy. In the firat instance for the G/PAZ system the value of the suppression ratio was equa,l to a value that corr~sponds to the thrE~shold of noticeability of unmodulated sinusoidal interference (60 dB) (4)r which doea not conform to theory. In truth, the pulses af the hinder- = ing FM oscillation with the oscillations of the carrier frequency of the OBP-AM television sigr~al create a pattern on the imag~e, the structure of whic:h ta.kes on a. less ordered nature as the deviation in the frequency of the kM osc:illation is increased, as a consequence of which the sioticeabilit~ of the interference is decxea.sed; experimental reseasch confirms this pa- sition (5). ~ k ~ _.--.I - ~ ~ c ~ ; v ~ 4, I 2 i~(~ ~ I/i.. R o, 4 - ~ ;.'Lti I ~ ` 'i S__ I _ ' _ i ~ _ ~ ~ 6 0 ~ _ `L I I ~ , 4 v~~ b - O t I ~ a~ i ~ ~ C x r- - ~ - y, ~ ~ ~ -1-- ~ ~ ~ I T 3~r 36 42 ~i6 50 54 5B 3 Cu~N;~n/iiur~ero, d6 Fig. 2 Key: 1- Ima,ge quality evalua.tion on ~:c scale of 1 to 5; 2- Devi- ation = 22 MHz; 3- Signal to noisE ra,tio:~ in dB In the second instance tYie lesser walue ~f the suppressiou ratio, obtai.ned in (3~, can be explained by the fact that it was determin�:d in t;he pr~sence of si~nificant levels of noise~ which concealed the noticc�:ability of the Fi~i signal. Besides this, the FM signal in (3) did not ha~re pre~.i.stortione, which increase the noticeability of interference. From the curves in Fig. 2 it ca.n be seen that by increasing the rang~e of the deviation of the frequency o.f the hindering ~I signa.l by 1 MHz the 10 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY " APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 I H'Uk Ul~'E'I.C1A1. U:il: UNLY value of the suppressic~n ratio is lowered on the avera,ge 'c>y ,4 dB, Accord- ing to measusement data of the British Broadcasting Corpo�r.ation (B~BC~ (6~, on the averag~e this vaiue is .5 dB/NIHz. , Table ~ Criteria oi'�the Stanclard and Count (organi- Signal to noise affeat of ~.nter- TP system zation~, litera- ratio, dB, with ference ture source deviation~ MHz 8 1 22 Threshold ~f no- M~NTSC Japan (1) 52 49 48~' ticeability of M~NTSC USA~ (7~ - 4 - interference I/PAL England, (6) 53 - - G~PAL ~zropean Radio- broadcasting Union (EBII) (2) 57� - - 62 K~SECAN ' rt/r~sc IISaR 53 50 47 G/PAL Eval.uation of K/SECAl4 France, (8~ - 45~' - 4 on. NIKKR scale K/SECAM M/rrrsc IIssR 49 45 43 N G/PAL Usea.ble inter- M~N'I'SC USA, (3) - 35 - ference level M~NTSC Japan~ (1) 46 42 43* K~SECAM M/r~csc trssx 45 42 40 G~PAL * Deviation - 24 Mhz; ~ Deviation = 13.5 MHz; ~ Deviation = 18 MHz R~search has also shown trat the dispersion of the energy of the FM inter-~ ference by the serrated signal weakens its hindering affect, and what is more the advantage from i.ntroducing the dispersion is lowered to the extent tha,t the range of the de�~riation of the interference frequ+~ncy is increased. Thus, when the Dv ~eviatio] = 8 MHz the suppreseion rat~o is decreased to the extent that the disperaion is i.ncreased by approxima.t~~ly 2.5 dB`MHz, ' and when Dv = 22 MBz by 1 dB/I~z. The experimental relat.ionship of the co- efficient of advantage M~ upon the range of the ~eviation of the ~M frequen- ~ cy is shawn in Fig. 3. 11 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 3a,d6 2 - - - J B 12 !G ?U lI~,M~t~ ' ~i ~ Fig. 3 ~ ~ ~ In the common ins'�ara,ce, i.e. ~ with ar~y values of the ran~e in ~.eviati.on of the frequency of '~he Fivl interference and disperaion, to estimate the va,lue of the euppression ratio of OBP-AM television broadaastin.g systeme when ther.e is interference from ~I television servicea one can use the following forcm~la: Rq = Roq - 0.4 (Dv - Dov~ - Md Ddv~ ~ wher.e Rq is the unknown suppresaion ratio in dB; Roq is the suppression ratio for the value of the frequency deviation Dov~ taken as the basic (dei;ermined by the app~~opriate curve i,n Fi~. 2); Ddv ia the rang~e of fre- quency deviation by tiie dispersion signal in MHz. , For example, assuming Dov = 8 MHz for a v~.l.ue of 4~5 in Fig. 2, w~ dEfine ' Roq = 52,5 dB, Then~ .for the same value with a frequency deviation of Dv 22 MHz in the absence of diapersion (Ddv = 0~ the value 8q = 52.5 - ' 0�4 (22 - o) - 46.9 c~B. . Knowing the value of the suppression ratio, we rate the values of the re- mair~ing components of the right portion of the basic equation, recommended by the;~!,~ (9)~ ~ _ i: Fs=Ftqp-Rq+Dd+Dp-Mr-Mi, ~ where Fs is the ~Y~ ~m power-flux density of the hi.nde ing signal (in the ~ase under examination an FM television service), dHW/M~; Ftqp is the mini- _ mum power-flux density of the useful signal (in the case under examination an OBP-AM television service~ sub~ect to suppression, c1BW/'M2; Dd is the ~ coefficient~ considering the difference in the amplification of the receiv- ing antenna of the usefla.7. and hindering signa,ls in d~3; Dp is the .coeffiGi- ent , considering the difference in the polarized selectivity of the re- ceiver when receiving the usefhl and hindering signals in dB; Mr is the coefficient, considering the affect of�reflections from the earth~s surface, , i.e.~ the possibility of increasing the power of interference upon reception at the expense of the wave that is reflected from the earth~s surface in dB; ~Mi i.s the r,oefficient~ considering the increase iu the paaer of interference at the expense of receiving emissions of other si.mi.lar broadcasting stations, - the eignals of which can be received where the receivers of OBP-AM televi- ~ sion broadcasting stations axe located when they are operating on the same frequency channel in dB. ~ .12 . . FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY i} APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY T:ie minimal valuea of the field intensity of the signal (c:orrespondin~ ~to the powe~-flux density Ftqp~ �or an OBP-AM television service were estab- lished by the NIICKR (10~. - The value Dd. in relation to the angles at which the usef4a.]. signal and inter- ference asrive at the receiving antenna of the OBP-AM television broadcast- ing service can be changed from 0 to Dd ~x~~+~m (the maximum coefficient of interference ~~~n~t~ of the receiving ant,enna of an OBP bM television broadcasting aervice in dB~; 0 dB correaponds to the angles of arrival, by which the amplification of the receiving antenna, for the useful signal and the interference is identical. When estim.ati.ng the value Fs in a com- mon inatance one should be orientated towaxd the worse case, i.e., to take the ~value of Dd = 0. If the angles of arrival of the useflil and hindering . signals axe lmown and are not equal to each other, then the value of Dd is considered sepasately for each specific instance. It does not require much work to evalua.te the va:LUe of i;ne coefficialt Dp, if one knows the types of polarizatior.s of the field of the useful. signal ~nd interference. However, as theoretica?. research shows, to precisely de- fine the type of pola~ization of ~,n actual field can only be acaomplished within the limits of the main lobe of the polar diagram of the antenna; in side lobes in practice ~he type of polarization can diifer sv.bstantially ~ from what is calaulated in theory. With the narrowneas o~ the main lobe c~f the polar diagram of the antenna to estima.te the walue of the coefficient Dp for the entire range of arrival angles of interference to the antenna of the receiver of the OBP-AM television broadcasting ser~rice is not possi- ble. If one takes inta consideration that in ~'I televisinn broadcasting systems they use, as a rule' oscillations with a circular polarization of the field and in OBP A'" television broadcasting systems they use a linear polarization, then with the interference that is created by the main lobe of the transmitting antenna of the FM television broadcasting system, the value Dp can be taken as equal to 3 dB; with the interfe-r_ence t:hat is created by the side lobes, the value of this coefficient will be substan- tially lesa. For pla.nning~ apparently~ it is wise not to take the maximum values of I7p, but somewhat less, for example 2 dB. The value of the coefficient Mr can be changed from 0 to 6 dB in relation to the nature of the reflectin~ surface and the phase of the reflected wave (zero corresponds to the instance of scattered reflection; 6 dB is the mirror reflection and in phase composition of the direct and reflected waves). In the IIHF'band and at higher frequencies, where it is expedient to use FM~ a semi-scattered or scattered reflection of waves from the earthts surface is almost always observed; if a mirror ref~~ction is ob- served at a11 it is seen at relatively flat areas with very sma.ll angles of arrival of oscillations to the earth's surface, and its probability in : an actual~situa,tion is~extremely sma11. Taking this circumsntance into consideration, one can estimate the reflec- tion from the eaxth~s surface for frequenci~s higher than 500 MHz on the average to be close to the scattered reflection, and the value of the co- efficient Mr with the estimate of Fs to be equal to 3 dB. 13 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICTAL USE ONLY ~The allowanc~ fc~r the incxease in power of ihe interferen.ce a:~c the e~�pense '~`of the rece~tion of radiations from other aimilax etation.s o~ier~.ting in the same frequency range must be don~, separately for each specifi~: ~itua.tion.;, Since the likelihood of even two FM television broadcasti.ng stations operat- ing on a common frequency channel in nei~boring zor~es is sma11, one can in estimating Fs take Mi as equa,l ~0 0. . On the baeis of.the above-noted considerations for estimating values, which are included in the estimating formula for.Fs, as well as the experimental res~axch on determining the suppression ratios in television, one can, in thi~ man,ner, estima,te the permissible value of the power-flwc density of a television k~i signal in the zone served by OBP-AM television broadcasting et~tions. Hav~.ng inserted numerical values of the coefficients into the cited formula, for example for the V television band, we obtain Fs = -77 - Roq + Y , ciBw/m2, whe.re - y= 0,4 (n~ - Do~) + rr~ nav - the correction factor~ which depends upon the distribution of the power of the ~NI interference conaidering its visuaZ perception. At an~les between directiona towaxd the sources of the signal ax~d inter- fexence gxeater than 20 degrees one must make a correction~ as :i.s recommended in (9). Conclusion. The research that was performed confirmed the correctness of standardizing suppression ratios when there is interference to the rec~p- ~ , tior of OBP-AM television s stems b an FM si Y Y gnal by taking its paxameters into consideration. The results that were obtained take into consideration the peculiarities of visua]. perception of i.nterference and can be used for uarious lmown color television systems with OBP-AM. `T'he basic premises of this article were contributed to the MKKR by the USSR. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 I~IICI~~ Report 634 (Rev. 1976), . 2 ~~970-~973. Document 11~126, E~iropean Broadcasting IInion. 3 MICKI~ 1970-1973. Document 11 ~64 ~ USA, - 4 P~IICICR. Report 306-2, 1974. - 5 Lokshin M. G. "Combin? ro Ground and Satellite Television Broadcasting Systems , II,EKTROSV7CAZ , 1975, No 9, ~ 6~ ~ 97~-1973� Document 11 /58, F.~gland 7 NIKxFt 1970-1973� Document 11/49, USA, -14 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 8~ Mt~ 19'70-1974� Document 11/339, ~anae. , 9) 1~II~fft. Report 63~ ~ ~ 974� 1 M',~t. Rec~mmenda�tion ~~17-2, 19?4. (This article wae aubmitted to the editorial board, on 30 Octobez� 1978.) COP'YRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Svyaz'", "IIektrosvyaz~~~, 1979 e92'~ cso: 5500~ :15.~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 � , , , ~ , FOR OFFIC~~AL USE ONLY , . , , ; � ~ USSR THE ATK-20II AUTOMATIC TELFJGRApg CROSSB~R STATION ~ ' , Moscow ELEKTROSVygZ' in Ruasian No 7,~,Tu1 79 p 23 ~ext] The ATK-20II ia intended for the automa,tic switching of lines from subscribers (terminals) on systems of subscriber telegraph and direct com- munications operating at a speed of 50 bauds, and systems for transmitti.ng~ data operating at a speed of up to 200 bauds with connecting linea (chaxi- nels) to a higher (reference~ sta t i o n. T h e A'! K 2 0 v is installed in re a1 communications ce n t e r s a n d S e r v e s a s a t e r m in a l swi tc hi ~~n- ng station, . The station consists of: an ATK-20U `'~l rack, a TsRK switchboard for trans_ ~ mitting conference communications ' and for the technical and operation- al control of the operation of sub- . scriber units and termizials operat- - ing at a speed of telegrapY~}r of up � to 50 bauds, and a panel for check- ing the station~s electronic units. The station's capacity is 20 termi- nal lines and 8 channels to one or two reference stations. The sub- scriber aets have two- and fo ur w' ire , outlets. � The station is capable ;of establish- ~ ing initial, incoming and local con- � nectiona; local connections can be made without tying up channele to ~ the reference station. The ATK-20II ~ P ^s~~ ' o erates with these kinds of refe- z ! rence stations: AT-PS PD, ATA-K, ~ APS K, APS-SH~ ATA-57 and the Yug~o.. ~ slavian station that is manufactured ' _ . , by the "Nikola Tesla~~ plant, both R and D typee. 16 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY � _ � ~ . . . . , ~ .,k , ~ , . . . . . . _ . : . _ . ; , : . , _r... . r. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ The ATK-20II uses DC power an,d a volta,g~e of ~ 60W; the TsRK switch~oard uses DC and a volt~~ of � 60W and AC with a voltage of 2?_OW, ~ The ATK-20U wae desig:-ied by the Sverdlovek branch of the Central Design Bu- reau of the USSR Mirustry of Con~.munications. COPYRIGgTt Izdatel~s~vo "Svyaz~" '~Elektrosvyaz;", 1979 s92~r cso: 5500 _ 1~ , FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY , . . , , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 ~ ~ FOR OFFTCIAL USE ONLY' ~ IISSR TSE NII~' V"2-2 UNAT'1'ENDID REPEATER STLTION Moscow ELB[CTROSVYAZ ~ in Russian No 7,.J'ul 79 p 31 ~ext~/ The NUP Y-2-2 unattended repeater station is inte:nded to increase the distance of communications between terminal stations of the V-2-2 transmi.ssioa~.system, which operates on an open wire circuit in a frequency rang~e of 4.63 ~�to 25.7 BHz, The NIIP is constructed in the form of a molded rectangvlar casing wi~th two rermetically sealed compart~ents. The first compartment contains two each mounting plates of line and ~ . , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ guide filters, a mounting plate of : ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ amplifiers for the upper and lower ~ � groups of frequencies, mounting plante for the autamatic regulat- ' F iug of amplification and a mount- ing plate for the remote power sup- _ ply. The second oompartment con- tains devices for shielding the NUP, an input device, control 3acks and a guide pin control panel. The control jack for tre FIF channel can be used for official comri.iini- cations when the NiTP is being ad- ~,,,I' ~ justed or during preventive mainte- ~~~I, nance. i The NIIP is equipp~d with stabili- volt cables~ which permit it to be switched into the open-~uire cir- ~ x cuits. To protect the NUP from ~ the direct rays of the sun and precipitation it is provided with a protecti=:e cover. 18 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ _ . . . . _ � _ . ~ _ : , . - : - , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY The NUP is installed on a post or a reinforced concrete r.;xtensi.on at a height of no mo:re than 1.5 meters above the ground. ~ The NIIP~s power is supplied remotely from a station battr~ry with a nominal voltag~e of 6(7~1. The nominal value of the required current is 110 milli- _ amperes. The maximum amplification of the NIIP at a freqiaency af 25.7 Kgz is tto lesa than 33.8 dB and at a frequency of 12.7 KSz nc~ less than 22,5 dB, The nominal input resistance ia 800 ohms. The dimensions of the NIIP are 600 X 430 X 240 mm; it weighs 30 kg, , The Sverdlovsk branch of the Central Design Bureau of the IISSR Ministry of Communi.cations designed the NiTP V-2-2. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'svto "Svyaz~'~ "Elektrosvyaz "',197y, 8927 cso: 5500 19 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY , , _ _ : , : , a~ _ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY FRANCE REGIS DEBRAY AUTHORS,NEW BOOK ON POLITICAL USE OF N~DIA Societal Role of Media Paris FRANCE NOWELLE in French 23-29 Jun 79 pp 35~ 36 ~eview by Michel Jouet of new book by Regis Debray; "Le pouvoir intellec- tuel..~n France^7 ~ext~ We must admit that Regis Debray's tiook is stimulating= it is xorth di~cussing. Again taking up and developing Pierre Bour~ieu's analy~es.on ' the intellectual sphere~ Regis Debray exposes the mechanisms by which intel- lectual life is dominated by a small nwnber of "mediacrats" (media people). He points out the historic evolution of the legitimate process of ideas. After the university cycle~ marked by the he~emony of the colleges~ comes the editorial cycle occupied by publishing houses and magazines. We have now entered the media era. How is this nex era characterized? Knowledge is replaced by the market. Why, the author asks, spend 10 years of one's life thoroughly delving into a question "when I need only 1 month's xork to vitriolate an ideological pamphlet on the sub3ect of the day (Goulag ' and destion), which will give me a name in the ma~or press netWOrk, and~only - 1 hour of vivacity on television to become a national~hero?" (,pa~e 182). Mediacracy - The power of the media to obtrude an author~ an idea~ cannot be seriously questioned. Regis Debray notes that "in 1950~ no philosopher--influenced by fear of ridicule--would have dared publish a xork such as those which have 1~~ recently appeared in magazines~ for the university environment had remained sufficiently close-~it to ~unction as a self-censuring agent"; now, hoxever, "since the market is the governing factor and the university no longer has a monopoly on intellectual realities, it is not at all,unreasonable to create a r.omplete impasse for 2,000 professionals by opposing them with 1 million magazine readers and 1 0 million television viexers" (pa~e 39)� To that is added the concentration~ not only of the media themselves but within the mediacracy controlled by a fex individuals who arrange television ~20 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY , , . ; . .,~z~,.. ::~,.~~,..w:~.~ ~ - ,.uwr _ _ ~ . . M _ . , . - _ . _ . . . , . . . . , _ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY anci radio broaacasts~ of zwportg in the written prASS~ position~ on the edi- torial staffs c+r publishin~ house sdvisers. At thia point, Debray makes an important observatione "The cycle initiated by the me dia does not announce the apotheosis of professional ~ournalism but rather its decline. Mediacracy i s not blended with the refgn of professional journalists= rather, it signifie s first and foremost the ir annihilation, as the lo~ic of the ma,ss media is unaxare of procedures aime d at revealing cur- rent reali~y" (page 102). "At the top of our journalistic hierarchy the piiblicist of the 19th century has been spontaneously re placed by the edi- torial writer, the moralist of present-day events, xhose function, as every- one admits, is not to enlighten Z�eaders on the deta,ils a~nd issues of a given situation but on the position he chooses to take in relation to no one ever knows pre cisely what." This statement is harsh but gives a perfect description of what ever,yone can heax or re ad daily in the televise d, written or spoken press. Moi~eover, there is not only no competition but~ on the contrary, a cumulative eff'ect. Lach of the ma,jor newspa,pers is on the lookout for what the o'cher says. Whoever has "had" the EXPRESS is sure to have LE NOUV'EL OBSERVATEUR anii LE POINT. Formerly, Regis Debray tells us~ the journalist sought that of which the others had not spoken; now he Kaits to see what they Kill say. Thtis~ the media have life and death poxer over intellectual creation. Capi- ta~. punishment is not a descent into flames; silence is sufficient and is even more effective. Let us complete this rapid panorama by pointing out that the author embellishes his severe analysis with many observations of a ver.y effective grating humor, For example~ he xrites: "I mperialism is jus- tified only as anti-imperialism, This g~enexal rule has comic aspects in its execution~ as one sees at pre sent on the French ideological scene; here~ our top leaders, who have taken control of the principal channels of distribution of consume r goo~s as well as the switching of those channels~ take on With conviction the pathetic aspect of a handful of snipers barehandedly firin~ their last caxtridges~ 'their backs to the wall and their heads empty,' a~ainst the heavy ba,ttalions of Maxxism~ dognatic and totalitarian." Questions to Be Discussed Alt,hoagh quite engaging~ Debray's analysis merits discussion. For the sake of clearness~ I would limit my remarks to a single question. , ThF phenomena he describes seem hardly disputable. But can one go along with him when he writes: "It is time to ask ourselves i.f �middle-class intellectual' stereotyped expression has not become redti~ndant" (Page 253) � An intellectual could escape f,his epithet only by accident, will or morale (page 254). To be sure, the author himself tempers this evaluation by ~:he distinction he makes betxeen the upper intellig~entsia and the lower ~ ` 21 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY intelligentsia, a separation he borrowed from the division betiaeen the upper and lower clergy of the Old Regime. Even with this~important distinction, the 3udgment he makes cieserves discussion. First~ there is an indication of implicit equality between production by the "upper intelligentsia" ana idsology. That difference shoald at least be expressed. In fact, a substantial part of the "upper intelligentsia" is involved in scientific research or production and is only secondarily connected with the media. However~ this doos not im- ply that it j.fi-"ouiside" the ideological sphere. . ll It is one thing to say that the main sources of the media are beleaguered and solidly confined by the "hidden face%of governmental power~" to quote a state- ment which appears on the book's jacket; but one cannot ~ieduce from this that the media are merely an instrument of that power. "'',o admit this state of affairs would, to say the least, cre ate an impasst~ in'the patn of the strug~les which, for example, axe taking place arc~and and Kithin television itself. And this under the double aspect of internal struggles--one can cite the complaints of television producers in this respect--and r~f contradictions which arise in society as a result of the role of the media itself. The demand for free expression, for the establishment of free radio broad- casts, is a very significant part of this movement. The recent example of "Lorraine~ "Steel Center" shows the vital importance of its stake. And Its Contradictions? Although it is rightful and necessary to analyze the intellectual sphere in its autonomy~ one cannot, however, separate it from the overall movement of society's contradictions. Even What the author calls the "up~er intelligent- sia" is pervaded by society's divisions and differences of opinion. And not just for moral reasons. Basically, Debray dra~*s a parallel between an anal- ysis of the role of the media in production~ the reproduction of the prevail- ing ideology and the retention of social structures on the one hand and an analysis of the participants in the media on the ot~;~r. It is as though the model of the presentex of a televised newscast made it possible in some manner to depict all of the participa.nts in the media. Pursuing this line of thought, a11 journalists should, as such, be considered agents of the government.`~ In that case, one thing would be to fight against the current media organization, for their.democratization~ to criticize vehemently not only the omissions and distortions of the news but also and especially to q~uestion ,the rned~ a!~s "lan- guage the image they give of politics ~ in the structuring \ii~.;,;:ved i~n the r~les they play: on the one hand, the " professionals" of politics who are kno~ledgeable, who have the ability to act and do so; on the other~ the citi- zens who~ at best~ would have the task of arbitrating the~ match between the professionals. - 22 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY II APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIAL U5L ONLY Another thin~; is an en masse re~ection of news professionals and media "par- ticipants" in the area of unrecuperable enemies of the worker movement. Lastl,y, somewhat as a lo~ical result of his analysis, Re~is Debray seems to reduce the ideological strug~le to its most obvious aspect~ that is, to what is taking place in the sphere of books, magazines~ newspapers and other media. From that t~me on~ other forms of struggle become secondary, Thus~ speaking of the Popul~i~ Front, he writes: "The battle of the newspapers undoubtedly , had more influence than street battles" (page 92). This apprais~l is debatable not only because it seems to reduce the struggles of that ertt to street battles anc~ battles among the newspapers~ not only be- cause it seriously understates the decisive role of the working class in the confl lcts of the Popular Front~ but also~ and ~arhaps this is the crux of the problem, because it makes the newspapers the exclusive instrument of the ideol ogical struggle. T o be sure, that struggle is taking place in a partic- ular sphere of activity, but it is also and especially taking place in the ~area of social practice in which the struggles constitute a significant ele- ment of change . . Thi.s observation is of fundamental importance. In fact~ one of the essential eleme nts in media expression is to try to make us believe that they are the absolute weapon. However important the media may be~ the most important element is found within socie ty itself, in its struggles for change, including change in the media. This is precisely what the media xould have us forget. ' To be sure, these few remarks do not presume to exhaust the comprehensive discussion which should be made on the role and political function of the medi a and~ particularly in the case of television~ on their influence on the evolution of the televised production and diffusion process. Regis Debray's book makes a very important contribution to that discussion. Mediol.o~,y~ Technology~ Ideology Paris PARADOXES in French May-Jun-Jul 79 Pp 155-157 ~eview by Pierre de Boisdeffre of Regis Debray's book: "Le pouvoir intel- lectuel en France" (published by Ramsay~~ ~ext7 In writing "Le pouvoir intellectuel en France," Regis Debray tackled a bi g subject~ and he handled it very seriously. Perhaps too seriously: the author recalled that, before becoming Che Guevara's companion, the Malraux of the A ndean plateaus and Camiri's prisoner~ he had been a graduate of the Higher l~ormal School and�doctor of philosophy. At present~ the prestige of the revolutionary, even reconverted to institutional socialism (for the former 23 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFIC]:AL USE ONLY convict condemned to ~eath has become a close collaborator of F~'rancois Mitter- rand), ap~ears to him of less significance than that of the sociologist. He cannot refrain from telling us~ ad limina~ that his new book is only a frag- ment of "a broader theoretical work entitled 'Traite de mediologie~' about to be publlshed." Why "mediology"? Is it because this pretentious term rhymes~ with "semiology," so much in fashion~ or sounds more "intellectual" ti~an the xord "media~" already abundantly popularized? In any case~ the author speaks to us of intellectual power, and he does s~ with full knowledge of the facts~ 51nce his return to Paris, he has taken part in the exercise of this power~ and not only through an intelligent piece on Bernard Pivot's broadcast~ in APOSTROPHES. He has experienced "the intoxi- catinn of journalistic celebrations~ polemics of complicity and advertising gallantry": he has simultaneously experienced the dreadful commercial effec- tiveness and profound vanity of that intoxication. He is not completely in- nocent in view of the fact that he i~ndulged in that gamei but he is not really an accomplice~ since he retained enough critical spirit to write this book. To avoid being accused of singleness of purpose~ he sent his manuscript to at least a dozen licenced observers and took their remarks into considera- tian. The book as a whole gives a rather lively indictment backed by many facts and examples. Balzac would have made a novel out of them: In fact~ the Balzac of the "Illusions perdues" xho~ as Regis Debray notes, "radically escaped naturalist vulgarity~" perhaps remains, after more than a century~ the best observer of our social system, one who ingeniously debunked the mechanisms for getting ahead in French society. Our author, who repro- duces the ever current tableau of the "Order of Men of Letters," which appears in "la Grande Ville" (18~I~3) ~ dces not hesitate to make him "the founding father of inedinlogy." However~ he wishes to be more precise. He proceeds to maIte an ~ctual count oi the intelligentsia, xhose evolution we observe in the Third, Fourth and Fifth Republic. Immediately following the last xar~ the number of people in the so-called intellectual group was already equal to or greater than the number of clergy or engineers (about 100,000), a figure which has now in- creased to 400,000 due to a mass entry'c?f teachers into literary activity, (The number of "artists" is thougbt to h~~re remained the same~ about 60,000.) The "university cycle" of the years 1880'�~93o was succeeded by an "editorial cyc~e" between 1920 and 1960, but, since 1968~ we have definitely entered the media age. Here are some interesting observationss "W hen the professor de- clines~ the author reascends. Public counterpoint of the university twilight: the return of the academy. Competition between the Sorbonne and the Quai Conti stems from a line of secular fractu~~^e. When, in APOSTROPHES, Jean Dutourd, FRANCE-SOIR newspaperman, now wishes to thrash Robbe-~rillet, his rap on the nose is backed by three centuries: "The pro~'essors are on your side; you have the Sorbonne with you!" Perhaps Debray does not attach enough importance to the decomposition of the scholastic apparatus ori which republican intellectualism relied for such a~ . - 24 - . FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8 FOR OFFICIA'L USE ONLY long time. I t is obvtous that the mass media have not b~en ab1.e to re place that intellectualism, for they function in accordance wi�th the individual~ not the group; with the sensational~ not what is intell.i.gent= xith unusual incidentsY not what is standard. They simultaneously im~pose an individual- istic strategy and collective disorganization. The great castling maneuver of the "newspaperman" and the "author" is the destitution of the work by the event. Further on, he remtLrks that cultu3cal rhythms are as slc7w as those of nature. The shocks of current events~ the bustling rhythm of publishing~ the annihilation of the basic work by the best-seller arran~ement contribute to that decomposition: the game won by Samuel Beckett~ selling 126 copies of "En attendant Godot" in 1.95z and receiving the Nobel prize 15 years later~ will become unplayable. Accelerated feminization of th~ teaching milieu and conaequently of the literary milieu:is not a good sign, since, in our types of society, "feminization" means "class deterioration." But there are other signs: the theater crisis~ more acute in France than elsewhere; the deca- dence of poetry (which does not exist in the Third World); and the develop- ment of a complete strategy of corruption~ whiah flourishes in the literary mil.ieu. To conclude~ Regis De bray distinguishes between an upper and lower clergy wit�hin a triumphant intelligentsia in.xhich yesterday's "leaders" feel ill at ease. Since everything is for sale, one must know th~e rule~ of this com- petitive society whose newness is exaggerated by Debray~ for senna and rhubarb have been exchanged for as long as can be rememberedl The fac~t that he fre- quently cites Balzac and Thibaudet is sufficient proof of that exag~;eration. His conclusion is not cheerful; it is giv~:n with a statement .from Mil~n Kundera: "Until now, progress has always been conceived as a promise of something better. We now know that it also carries the announcement of an end.." Contrary to preconceived ideas, "Technology and .tdeology" are not in inverse terms but in direct proportion: the more complex the first~ the simpler the second, therefore more powerful. The new technology in news dissemination gears down the practical power of ideologies. But the era of intelligentsia which is beginnin~ ri~ks becoming that "of the greatest lack of intelligence." And the author risks checking off the cost of news ("Bad information chases away the good~ because truth costs more and more"), a decrease in editorial pages in the written press, the reduction of criticisms into "~printed capsules~" and the disappearance of polemics. He could have added the development of astrology and the growing weakness of radio on the basis of pop music. Is the conclusion too pessimistic? Perhaps, for nothing ever happens in the wor.ld the Hay the prophets of knowledge predict. But tr~.ose who axe interested in the evolution of our society should read this documer.t Hhich has only the appearance of a pamphlet. , COFYRIGHT: 1979 Compa~,rnie Europeenne d'Editicns et Publications Periodiques 8568 CSO: 550o END 25 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100010-8

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